Introduce type nullability specifiers for C/C++.

Introduces the type specifiers __nonnull, __nullable, and
__null_unspecified that describe the nullability of the pointer type
to which the specifier appertains. Nullability type specifiers improve
on the existing nonnull attributes in a few ways:
  - They apply to types, so one can represent a pointer to a non-null
    pointer, use them in function pointer types, etc.
  - As type specifiers, they are syntactically more lightweight than
    __attribute__s or [[attribute]]s.
  - They can express both the notion of 'should never be null' and
  also 'it makes sense for this to be null', and therefore can more
  easily catch errors of omission where one forgot to annotate the
  nullability of a particular pointer (this will come in a subsequent
  patch).

Nullability type specifiers are maintained as type sugar, and
therefore have no effect on mangling, encoding, overloading,
etc. Nonetheless, they will be used for warnings about, e.g., passing
'null' to a method that does not accept it.

This is the C/C++ part of rdar://problem/18868820.

git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/cfe/trunk@240146 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8